Immediately after the advent of Islam, the rule of the
Muslims spread fast in different parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. The Muslims
ruled peacefully for centuries. Then the table was turned. Then the table was
turned. Spain did not remain in the hands of the Muslims. The Mongols caused a
great destruction in Muslim countries. The Muslims in spite of these tragic
events did not lose heart.
A big Turkish Empire was established from the Black Sea to
Algeria. The Safavi dynasty established
itself in Persia. The Mughals succeeded in ruling the whole of India. The
European nations became jealous and did not like the rule of the Muslims.
They
always tried to subjugate the weak Muslim States in order to get raw material
for their industries. The Dutch, the British and French formed trading
companies in the Indies and South Asia.In the beginning of the 18th Century, the Mughal
Empire showed signs of downfall and was broken into small States. The British
and the French availed themselves of this opportunity and occupied a few Mughal
territories. In the end the British succeeded in driving out the French and
occupied the whole of South Asia. Russia took full advantage of the weakness of the Muslims
and conquered all the Muslim States of Central Asia. The Chinese captured
Kashghar (Sinkiang) the Eastern pat of the Turkish Empire. France occupied
North African Countries of Algeria, Tunisia and some part of Morocco. The
Italians took Libya. The British occupied Egypt. The remaining parts of the
Turkish Empire were divided among the European powers.
Pakistan
Before the establishment of Pakistan the British had ruled
over South Asia for nearly two hundred years. They came here as traders. They
used illegal means, bribes and cunning devices. Winning over Mir Jaffar, the
army chief of Nawab Sirajuddaulah, they intrigued against the Nawab and seized
Bengal. They used the same tricks in the south and seized Mysore from Sultan
Tipu with help of traitors and local chiefs. They added Punjab after defeating the Sikhs in 1849. They conquered Sindh from
the Mirs. Finally they took Oudh from the Muslims.
The British treated the Muslims very badly. They forced the
Indian Muslims to the position of clerks and labourers. The Muslims tried to
regain their freedom in 1857. In the beginning they achieved a little to regain
were defeated at last. The British crushed the Muslims. Their properties Indo-
Pakistan. The doors of Government services were closed on them. They formed the
Muslim League and united themselves for the achievement of freedom. This
struggle passed through different phases and Pakistan came into existence on 14th
August, 1947.
Awakening of the Muslims
In the middle of the 19th
Century, the Muslim, throughout world were facing difficulties and problems.
Some of the Muslim States had lost their freedom. Economically they were
unsound. They had adopted many un-Islamic ways of life and living. Many
independence movements were started by the Muslims of the world. Maulana
Mohammad Ali Jauhar Dr. Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah were
among the Muslim leaders of South Asia who worked for freedom. Syed Jamaluddin
Afghani and Shaikh Mohammed Abdullah worked day and night for the regeneration
of the Muslims in the Middle East.
1. Syed Jamaluddin Afghani
Syed Jamaluddin Afghani was born in a small village near
Jalalabad, Afghanistan.He was very much interested in religion. He went to
perform Hajj. He visited Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, India,
United Kingdom, France, Turkey and Iran. He was very keen to see that
liberation movements were started in those states which which the Europeans had
occupied. It was he who infused a new spirit and love of freedom among the
Muslims of the world infused a new spirit and love of freedom among the Muslims
of the world by his speeches and writings. He wanted love and unity among the
Muslims of the world. He started the movement known as pan Islamism.
2. Shaikh Mohammed Abduhu
Mufti Mohammed Abdullah was born in a small town Tantah, in
Egypt. His family members imparted him religious education. He joined Al-Azhar University.
He had a great desire to serve the Muslims. He started his mission in Egypt. He
firmly believed that the salvation of the Muslims lay in teachings of Islam,
social and economic aspect of their lives and the advancement in the field of
education. He inspired in the people a deep love of struggle for their freedom.
He wrote articles in papers. He started an Anjuman in Paris for the welfare of
the Muslims in co-operation with Syed Jamaluddin Afghani. He was appointed the
Grand Mufti of Egypt. Many reforms were made in Egyat due to his selfless
efforts. He wrote many books on religion, education, law and Jurisprudence. He
was a true Muslim and wanted the welfare and unity of the Muslims. He died in
the year 1905.
3. Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar
Maulana Mohammed Ali Jauhar was born in the year 1878 in
Rampur State, U.P (India). He received his higher education at the famous
Muslim University Aligarh and Oxford. It was he who played a very Important
role in uniting the Muslims against the British. He was a very good writer and
an able orator. His English paper Comrade and Urdu paper Hamdard infused a
spirit of independence. His articles were so much impressive that the British
Government imprisoned him. After the First World War, he started Khilafat
Movement to protect the started Khilafat Movement to protect the office of
Khalifa in Turkey. The Muslims of South Asia took active part in that Movement.
He and his brother Shaukat Ali were again arrested and were tried in the
Khaliqdina Hall at Karachi. He was a true Muslim and great patriot. He attended
the Conference in London and very boldly expressed his views inspite of his
illness. He devoted his life for the Muslims. He died in England and according
to his will dead body was taken to Jerusalem and buried there.
4. Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal did his M.A from the Government College, Lahore
He obtained the degree of Bar-at-Law from England. He did did his Doctorate
from Germany. He awakened the Muslims by his poetry. He inspired the Muslims to
struggle hard and set an example of meaningful life.
In the year 1930 at the Annual Session of the All India Muslim League at
Lahore, he gave the idea of a separate home land for Muslims of India. He
advised the Muslims to unite and act according to the teachings of Islam and
the needs of the time. He inspired the Muslims through his writhings. He died
on 21st April 1938. His tomb is outside the Badshahi Mosque at
Lahore.
5. Quaid-e- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th
December, 1876 in Karachi. At the age of sixteen he went to England to study
law. He was a man of principle. His motto was Unity, Faith and Discipline. He
was able, diligent, sincere, frank and honest. He worked hard and devoted his
life for the Muslims. He was an eloquent speaker.
In the year 1909, he was elected a member of the Viceroys Legislative Council from Bombay. He
joined the All India Muslim League in the year 1913. He presented to the Indian
National Congress, the well-known Fourteen Points. It was in fact a true
picture of the Muslim demand. He was elected a member of the Central
Legislative Council in the year 1937.
The Muslims of India under dynamic leadership of the
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah rose against the Congress. Due to his
extraordinary courage, selfless efforts, devotion, sincerity, hardwork, ability
and good planning, the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan accepted him as their true
leader. The Quaid-e-Azam, very boldly and clearly said that the Muslims and the
Hindus are two separate nations. There is nothing in common between the two
people. Both have different religion, history, culture, civilization and ways
of and living. Therefore, the Muslims had every right to have independence in
South Asia. Thus by the Grace of Allah, Pakistan came into existence on 14th
August, 1947 by efforts of Quaid-e-Azam.
Undoubtedly the Quaid-e-Azam was one of the top-ranking
leaders of the world. He became the first governor General of our country.
After the establishment of Pakistan, the Muslims of Bharat were subjected to great
hardships and problems by the Hindus Plenty of Muslims were put to death. Lacs
of Muslims migrated to Pakistan leaving behind all their costly personal
belongings. Our new Government had to face many new problems. Continuous hard
work effected the health of the Founder of Pakistan. At last the Father of the
Nation died on 11th September, 1948 and was laid in the heart of the
city in which he was born.
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